Solar Panel Efficiency Norms ( UPSC Prelims)

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News Context

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has relaxed the efficiency standards for solar panels used in off-grid rural projects. This change permits the inclusion of modules with lower efficiency in the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM).

Key Changes in Solar Efficiency Norms (May 2025 Amendment)

The ALMM is a catalog of models and manufacturers of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules sanctioned by MNRE.
 Efficiency Standards Reduced:
      ○ Previous efficiency for off-grid systems under 200W was set at 19% for crystalline silicon and 18% for cadmium telluride.
      ○ The new standard sets both technologies at an 18% efficiency.
 Scope of Change: This adjustment is relevant only to off-grid solar applications under 200W, such as solar lanterns, micro solar grids, streetlights, small fans, and appliances.
      ○ It does not impact larger systems like rooftop solar or pumps.
 Introduction of Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE) category: This aims to assist smaller manufacturers and promote broader rural electrification.
  ● Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE) refers to electricity generated from renewable sources, such as the sun or wind, close to where it is used.  

About Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy

PV solar technology transforms sunlight into electricity through panels composed of semiconductor cells. It employs photovoltaic cells, usually crafted from silicon, which are organized into panels suitable for both small-scale installations, such as on rooftops, and large solar power plants. This technology generates direct current (DC), which is subsequently converted into alternating current (AC) via an inverter.
 Other methods for capturing solar power include:
  ● Solar Thermal Energy: Utilizes the sun’s heat through solar thermal panels to produce electricity or offer heating solutions.  
  ● Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): Captures the sun’s energy by concentrating sunlight with mirrors, lenses, and tracking devices.  

Agriphotovoltaics (APVs) or Solar Farming

APVs might offer a framework that optimizes land-use efficiency and boosts farmers' income.
 Definition: The simultaneous utilization of the same land area for both agricultural production and electricity generation using a solar PV system.
 Components: Solar panels, solar tracking systems (which adjust to follow the sun for optimal efficiency), and shade-tolerant crops (providing protection against intense solar radiation and winds).