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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • (p) Mammalia: Origin of mammals, dentition, general features of egg laying mammals, pouched-mammals, aquatic mammals and primates, endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.

    • Mammalia
      • Aquatic mammals and their adaptations.
      • What is sperm capacitation? Describe the method of mammalian sperm capacitation in vitro.
      • Describe the Integumentary derivatives in Mammals along with labelled diagrams.
      • Describe the Integumentary derivatives in Mammals along with labelled diagrams.
    • Origin of Mammals
      • Structure and functions of a mammalian nephron.
      • Describe the integumentary derivatives in mammals along with labelled diagrams.
      • Describe the diagnostic characteristics of class Mammalia. Classify it up to sub-classes giving the contrasting features of each with suitable examples.
      • Lungs of amphibians and mammals.
      • Explain the three-dimensional nature of immunoglobulin; Mention the mammalian immunoglobulins. Comment on their differences.
      • Functional morphology of mammalian nephron.
      • Composition, control, and functions of mammalian saliva.
    • Dentition in Mammals
      • Describe general structure of a mammalian tooth. Also, classify mammalian teeth based on their shape, attachment and succession.
      • Describe the Dentition in Mammals along with relevant diagrams.
      • Explain various types of dentition in mammals.
      • Write an essay on dentition in mammals.
      • Describe the Integumentary derivatives in Mammals along with labelled diagrams.
      • Give an account on dentition in mammals.
      • Draw and describe the structural details of a typical mammalian tooth and discuss the modifications of dentitions in mammals in relation to their food habits.
    • General Features of Egg-Laying Mammals
      • General features of egg-laying mammals and pouched mammals.
      • Describe the salient features of Prototheria. Explain how it is different from Metatheria with example.
      • Highlight various characteristics of egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals.
      • Give general features and examples of egg-laying mammals and pouched mammals.
      • Tabulate the differences among prototherians, metatherians, and eutherians with suitable examples.
      • General features of Monotremata.
      • Describe the distribution, structural peculiarities, and phylogenetic relations of Metatheria.
    • Pouched Mammals
      • General features of egg-laying mammals and pouched mammals.
      • Describe the salient features of Prototheria. Explain how it is different from Metatheria with example.
      • Highlight various characteristics of egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals.
      • Give general features and examples of egg-laying mammals and pouched mammals.
      • Give an account of fresh water, egg laying and pouched mammals with suitable examples.
      • Give an account of fresh water, egg laying and pouched mammals with suitable examples.
      • Tabulate the differences among prototherians, metatherians, and eutherians with suitable examples.
      • Diagnostic features of metatheria and their geographical distribution.
      • Describe the distribution, structural peculiarities, and phylogenetic relations of Metatheria.
    • Aquatic Mammals
      • Write general features of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals.
      • Highlight various characteristics of egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals and aquatic mammals.
    • Primates
    • Endocrine Glands in Mammals (Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads) and Their Interrelationships
      • Thyroid gland and its functions.
      • Explain the structural organisation of adrenal gland in mammals. Describe its hormones and their functions.
      • Describe the structural organization of thyroid and parathyroid glands in different vertebrate groups with a note on the hormone-producing cells and hormones.
      • Describe in detail about the structural organization of mammalian pituitary gland with emphasis on its hormones and their functions.
      • Give a brief account of tropic hormones which affect the endocrine glands.
      • Explain HPA axis. Draw a transverse section of the adrenal gland and describe the functions of its different hormones.
      • Functional morphology of pancreas in mammals.
      • Describe various hormones secreted by Pituitary gland and their role in humans. Also explain feedback mechanisms of hormonal regulation.
      • Describe various hormones secreted by Pituitary gland and their role in humans. Also explain feedback mechanisms of hormonal regulation.
      • Explain the role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands in fat and carbohydrate digestion.
      • Explain the role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands in fat and carbohydrate digestion.
      • Mention the hypothalamic-adeno hypophysial secretions that stimulate, sustain and regulate adrenal cortex functions. Add a note on feedback systems.
      • What are the evidence against the traditional concept that pituitary gland is the ‘master of endocrine orchestra’? Highlight the current concept of this endocrine gland.
      • Differentiate between structure and functions of parathyroid hormone and thyroid gland hormones.
      • Types and functions of mammalian salivary glands.
      • Structure and functions of thyroid gland along with its regulation.
      • Describe the structure of adrenal cortex and medulla. Mention the hormones secreted by them and their regulatory influence. Add a note on the mechanism(s) of control of cortical and medullary hormones.
      • What are the endocrine glands? Write a detailed account of the structure and hormones of the mammalian pituitary gland. Discuss why the pituitary gland is not considered the master of the endocrine orchestra now.
      • Draw a well-labelled diagram of adrenal gland and discuss the functions of its hormones.
      • Adrenal gland and its hormones.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Zoology Optional
  4. Non-chordata and Chordata
  5. (p) Mammalia: Origin of mammals, dentition, general features of egg laying mammals, pouched-mammals, aquatic mammals and primates, endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.
  6. Mammalia

What is sperm capacitation? Describe the method of mammalian sperm capacitation in vitro. (UPSC 2021, 10 Marks, )

  1. Posted by: Synopsis IAS
  2. Posted on:31 July 2025
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शुक्राणु क्षमता क्या है? इन विट्रो में स्तनधारी शुक्राणु क्षमता की विधि का वर्णन करें। (What is sperm capacitation? Describe the method of mammalian sperm capacitation in vitro.)
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